Phnom Penh, Cambodia’s dynamic capital, is a city of stark contrasts—where glittering palaces stand alongside colonial boulevards, saffron-robed monks walk past busy markets, and a traumatic history coexists with a cheerful, forward-thinking present. Phnom Penh, located at the confluence of the Mekong, Tonlé Sap, and Bassac rivers, is sometimes referred to as the “Pearl of Asia,” a label it formerly held during the French colonial era and is slowly reclaiming today.
For many visitors, Phnom Penh acts as a gateway to Cambodia. But seeing it solely as a transit point would be a mistake. The city provides a multifaceted experience—rich history, moving reminders of persistence, amazing architecture, delectable cuisine, and a burgeoning modern lifestyle scene. From mournful memorials that recount Cambodia’s worst chapter to lively riverfront promenades reverberating with laughter and music, Phnom Penh urges tourists to understand, reflect, and reconnect.
This blog explores Phnom Penh in depth, its history, how to reach the city, must-see attractions, culinary highlights, and essential points to note—helping you experience the capital not just as a tourist, but as a thoughtful traveler.
History of Phnom Penh
Ancient Origins and Mythical Beginnings
Phnom Penh dates back to the 14th century and is steeped in legend. According to legend, a wealthy widow named Lady Penh found four bronze Buddha sculptures and one stone statue floating on the Mekong River during a storm. She believed this was a divine portent and erected a tiny hill and temple, Wat Phnom, to house the statues. The settlement that grew up around this sacred location became known as Phnom Penh, which translates to “Penh’s Hill.”
Though the narrative is symbolic, archeological evidence indicates that the area was populated much earlier and played a significant part in Southeast Asia’s river-based commerce networks.
Phnom Penh as a Royal Capital
Phnom Penh gained political significance in 1434, when King Ponhea Yat relocated the Khmer capital here after Angkor was abandoned due to repeated assaults. For centuries, the capital moved about, but Phnom Penh remained strategically important due to its river access and agricultural surrounds.
The city grew slowly, with a predominantly traditional Khmer character, until a significant alteration happened during colonial authority.
French Colonial Era (1863–1953)
Under French protection beginning in 1863, Phnom Penh underwent significant urban development. The French introduced:
- Wide boulevards
- Colonial villas
- Administrative buildings
- Modern infrastructure
This era gained Phnom Penh the nickname “The Pearl of Asia.” French urban design merged with Khmer architecture, as seen today in historic villas, government buildings, and tree-lined alleys.
Culturally, this time saw education reforms, art institutions, and more exposure to global trade, all of which shaped the city’s international identity.
The Khmer Rouge Period (1975–1979)
No history of Phnom Penh can be told without addressing its darkest chapter. In April 1975, the Khmer Rouge seized control of the city and forcibly evacuated its entire population. Phnom Penh became a ghost city almost overnight.
During this brutal regime:
- Schools, hospitals, and religious institutions were destroyed
- Intellectuals, artists, and professionals were targeted
- Nearly 2 million Cambodians died from execution, starvation, or forced labor
Sites such as Tuol Sleng (S-21 Prison) and Choeung Ek Killing Fields remain as stark reminders of this period.
Modern Phnom Penh
After the fall of the Khmer Rouge, Phnom Penh slowly began to rebuild. The 1990s marked a turning point with peace agreements, international aid, and gradual economic growth.
Today, Phnom Penh is:
- A growing economic hub
- Home to modern cafés, hotels, and coworking spaces
- Still deeply connected to its cultural roots
The city’s story is one of survival, resilience, and renewal, making it one of Southeast Asia’s most emotionally powerful capitals.
How to Reach Phnom Penh
By Air
Phnom Penh International Airport (PNH) is Cambodia’s second-largest airport and is well connected to major cities in Asia.
Direct and connecting flights operate from many international destinations. The airport is located about 10 km west of the city center, and transfers by taxi or tuk-tuk are readily available.
By Road
Phnom Penh is well connected by road to neighboring countries:
- From Vietnam:
Buses run regularly from Ho Chi Minh City via the Bavet border crossing. - From Thailand:
Travelers can reach Phnom Penh from Bangkok via Poipet or other border towns.
Within Cambodia, buses connect Phnom Penh to Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, Battambang, and Kampot.
By River
A scenic and culturally immersive option is traveling by boat:
- From Siem Reap, via the Tonlé Sap Lake (seasonal)
- From Chau Doc (Vietnam), via the Mekong River
River journeys offer a slower but memorable way to experience rural Cambodia.
7 Must-See Tourist Attractions in Phnom Penh
- Royal Palace & Silver Pagoda
The Royal Palace is Phnom Penh’s most iconic landmark and the official residence of the King of Cambodia. Built in 1866, the palace complex showcases classic Khmer architecture with ornate roofs, golden spires, and manicured gardens.
Within the palace grounds lies the Silver Pagoda, named for its floor made of over 5,000 silver tiles. Inside are priceless treasures, including:
- A gold Buddha encrusted with diamonds
- Ancient Buddhist manuscripts
This site offers deep insight into Cambodia’s monarchy, religion, and craftsmanship.
- Wat Phnom
As the spiritual birthplace of the city, Wat Phnom holds immense cultural significance. Set atop a small hill, it provides a peaceful escape from city traffic.
Visitors often see locals:
- Praying for good luck
- Making offerings
- Circling the shrine clockwise, following Buddhist tradition
Wat Phnom is especially lively during festivals and New Year celebrations.
- Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21)
Once a high school, Tuol Sleng was converted into a secret prison by the Khmer Rouge. Today, it stands as a museum documenting the atrocities committed during that era.
Exhibits include:
- Prison cells
- Interrogation rooms
- Photographs of victims
This is a sobering but essential visit to understand Cambodia’s recent history.
- Choeung Ek Killing Fields
Located about 15 km from the city center, Choeung Ek is one of the most well-known killing fields in Cambodia.
The memorial stupa contains thousands of skulls, arranged by age and gender, serving as a powerful reminder of the lives lost. Audio guides provide survivor testimonies and historical context.
- National Museum of Cambodia
This terracotta-colored building houses the world’s finest collection of Khmer art and sculpture, spanning from the Angkorian period to later eras.
Highlights include:
- Stone statues of Hindu and Buddhist deities
- Ancient ceramics and bronzes
The museum is beautifully designed around a tranquil courtyard garden.
- Riverside (Sisowath Quay)
Phnom Penh’s riverside is the city’s social heart. Lined with cafés, restaurants, hotels, and street vendors, it’s perfect for:
- Evening walks
- Sunset views
- Watching daily life unfold
At night, the area comes alive with lights, music, and local food stalls.
- Central Market (Phsar Thmei)
An architectural gem built during the French era, Central Market features a striking Art Deco design with a massive dome.
Inside, you’ll find:
- Jewelry and gemstones
- Clothing and souvenirs
- Street food stalls
It’s an excellent place to shop and experience local commerce.
3 Must-Taste Culinary Delicacies in Phnom Penh
- Fish Amok : Often considered Cambodia’s national dish, Fish Amok is a creamy curry made with freshwater fish, coconut milk, and kroeung (traditional spice paste), steamed in banana leaves. Its mild yet aromatic flavor reflects the heart of Khmer cuisine.
- Beef Lok Lak : This popular stir-fried dish features tender beef cubes marinated in oyster sauce and garlic, served with rice, fresh vegetables, and a tangy lime-pepper dipping sauce. Simple, flavorful, and widely loved.
- Num Banh Chok : A traditional Khmer breakfast dish, Num Banh Chok consists of rice noodles topped with a green fish-based curry and fresh herbs. It’s light, refreshing, and deeply rooted in Cambodian daily life.
Points to Note for Travelers
- Respect Local Culture
- Dress modestly at temples and religious sites
- Remove shoes before entering sacred spaces
- Currency & Payments
- US Dollars are widely accepted alongside Cambodian Riel
- Carry small denominations
- Best Time to Visit
- November to February offers cooler, dry weather
- March to May can be extremely hot
- Health & Safety
- Stay hydrated
- Use mosquito repellent
- Drink bottled water
- Responsible Tourism
- Support local businesses
- Be respectful when visiting historical memorials
- Avoid exploitative tourism activities
Phnom Penh is not a city that exposes itself in an instant; rather, it emerges over time, via stories, discussions, flavors, and moments of introspection. It is a place where history is passionately felt, culture is proudly preserved, and the future is being forged with tenacity and hope.
For those prepared to dig past the surface, Phnom Penh provides a unique experience: a meaningful trip into Cambodia’s spirit. Whether you’re walking through royal courtyards, learning about sad history, or eating a lunch beside the Mekong, the city makes an indelible impact that lasts long after the journey is over.
